Leprosy (Hansen's Disease): what to watch for and how it's treated

Leprosy sounds scary, but modern medicine treats it effectively. If you notice pale or red skin patches with numbness, don’t ignore them. Early care stops damage and keeps you from losing feeling or function in hands, feet, or eyes.

What leprosy is and how it spreads

Leprosy is an infection caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium leprae (often called Hansen's disease). It mainly affects skin and peripheral nerves. You usually need long, close contact with someone untreated to catch it. Casual contact, like sharing a room briefly, rarely spreads the disease. The incubation time is long — symptoms can show months or even years after exposure.

Common signs include painless skin patches, numbness, muscle weakness, and sometimes eye problems. Because the main symptom is loss of feeling, injuries and infections can build up unnoticed, which is why early diagnosis matters.

Diagnosis, treatment, and living with leprosy

A doctor usually diagnoses leprosy by examining skin and testing a small biopsy or skin smear. Blood tests aren’t very helpful on their own. If leprosy is confirmed, World Health Organization–recommended multi-drug therapy (MDT) is the standard treatment. MDT mixes antibiotics such as dapsone, rifampicin, and clofazimine. Most people complete treatment in 6 to 12 months, though severe cases may take longer.

MDT kills the bacteria and is provided free in many countries through public health programs. Treatment also reduces the chance of passing the infection to others. You stop being infectious soon after starting the antibiotics.

Preventing disability is as important as curing the infection. Regular nerve checks, wound care, physiotherapy, and simple tools (a protective shoe, for example) can prevent long-term problems. Eye checks prevent blindness. If nerve pain or reactions occur during treatment, corticosteroids or other medicines may be needed — this is common and treatable.

Stigma still surrounds leprosy in many places. Honest info and early treatment change outcomes and lives. Leprosy is not a life sentence; most people recover and live normal lives once treated.

If you have a suspicious patch, numb spot, or unexplained weakness, see a local clinic or skin specialist. Early action makes the biggest difference. Check community health services or WHO resources for local MDT programs and support. Browse related guides and practical tips below to learn more about testing, care, and where to find help near you.